英语文化常识

2022-04-04 综合 86阅读 投稿:娃娃脸

1.英语文化知识

浅谈英语文化知识渗透于英语教学内容摘要语言是文化的载体,是文化的主要表现形式。

它是随着民族的发展而发展的,是社会民族文化的一个组成部分。不同民族有着不同的文化、历史、风俗习惯和风土人情等,各民族的文化和社会风俗又都在该民族的语言中表现出来。

语言离不开文化,文化依靠语言,英语教学是语言教学,当然离不开文化教育。随着我国对外交往与民族接触的日益迫切的需要,英语教学要重视交际能力的培养和随之而来的要求对所属文化有所了解的呼声越来越高。

在英语教学中,教师应努力培养学生的文化习得意识,使文化规范的教学与语言技能的培养同步进行。关键词 语言 文化 文化差异 文化意识在美国有这样一个尽人皆知的句子:"When you're down, you are not necessarily out."但是许多English learners却对其含636f70793231313335323631343130323136353331333262383563义不甚了了。

原因是不了解这句话的文化背景。这原是一句拳击术语,在拳击比赛中拳击手若被对方击倒,裁判数到10还不能起来则被判输。

但在很多情况下不等裁判数到10,倒地的拳击手便能爬起来再战。因此,这句话的表层意思是:当你被人击倒,并不意味着输了这场比赛。

其寓意为:当你遇到挫折,并不一定丧失了成功的机会。由此我们可以得到启示:在英语教学中要注重语言和文化的关系,应提高对中西文化差异的敏感性和适应性,应树立文化意识并注重文化知识的传授。

一、语言和文化语言和文化是密不可分的。语言不仅仅是一套符号系统,人们的言语表现形式更要受语言赖以存在的社会/社团(community)的习俗,生活方式,行为方式,价值观念,思维方式,宗教信仰,民族心理和性格等的制约和影响。

长期以来,在英语教学中语言和文化的这种关系一直未得到足够的重视。在教学实践中,似乎认为只要进行听,说,读,写的训练,掌握了语音,词汇和语法规则就能理解英语和用英语进行交际。

而实际上由于不了解语言的文化背景,不了解中西文化的差异,在英语学习和用英语进行交际中屡屡出现歧义误解频繁,语用失误迭出的现象。如:用How much money can you earn a month?来表示对外国人的关心,殊不知这是一句冒犯的问话,侵犯了别人隐私(privacy),会激起对方的反感。

中国人以谦逊为美德,如当外国人称赞中国人某一方面的特长时,中国人通常会用You are overpraising me ("过奖")来应酬,这往往会让说话者感到你在怀疑他的判断力;抑或是用"Where? Where?"来回答,弄得外国人莫名其妙,不知所云。美国社会学家G.R.Tucker 和W.E.Lambet对于外语教学中只教语言不教文化有这样的看法:"我们相信,任何这类企图都会使学生失去兴趣,使他们不仅不想学习语言符号本身,而且也不想了解使用这一符号系统的民族。

相反,帮助学生在学习语言时提高对文化的敏感性,就可以利用他们发自内心的想了解其他民族的兴趣和动力。

从而提供了学习该民族的语言的基础"。二、中西文化的偶合现象与文化差异 不同民族的文化有可能存在某些相同或相似的地方,这被称为文化的偶合现象。

这主要是由于不同的民族在与大自然作斗争的过程中会有相同或相似的生活体验和经历。这种相似性必然会反映到语言中来。

因而在英语和汉语中,我们不难发现许多相同或相似的表达。例如:"披着羊皮的狼",英语为wolf in sheep's clothing;"同舟共济" ,英语为in the same boat;"破土动工",英语为break earth;"三思而后行",英语为 think twice before you act;"蓝图",英语为blue print,等等,这样的偶合现象不胜枚举。

文化的这种偶合现象,可以促进English learners在目的语(target language)学习中的"正迁移"(positive transfer)。 但是,不同的民族所处的地理环境和历史环境不同,因而对不同的事物和经历有着不同的编码(code),分类;不同的民族因不同的宗教信仰,也导致了他们独特的笃信,崇尚和忌讳心态;不同的民族因其发展的特殊历史过程也产生了本民族自己的历史典故,传说轶事。

如:汉语中的"龙","生死轮回","八卦","阴阳","气功"等,对不了解中国文化的外国人来说必然是云里雾里,不知何物。同样,当我们看到英语中He is a wolf这个句子时,还以为是"这个人很凶",实为"他是个好色之徒"。

中西两种文化的差异还可以从动物的"文化附加义"的差异窥见一斑。 对于狮子的勇猛(brave),绵羊的温顺(gentle),狐狸的狡猾(sly),乌龟的迟缓(slow),猪的贪婪(greedy),英语和汉语的文化附加义基本相同。

但在老鼠,骡子和猫头鹰的习性上,英语和汉语的文化附加义则大相径庭。在汉语中有"贼眉鼠目","鼠目寸光"等成语,用以形容鬼鬼祟祟和目光短浅。

而老鼠在英语俚语中可指女人,怕羞的人。更由于迪斯尼先生创造了Mickey Mouse这个尤物,从而使得老鼠的形象大放异彩,成为千家万户所喜爱的动物,尤其在儿童心目中,更是机智,智慧的象征。

至于骡子,在汉语中,"寿命长,体力大"是它的特征。而英语中骡子是"顽固(stubborn)"的代名词。

2.英语文化知识

浅谈英语文化知识渗透于英语教学内容摘要语言是文化的载体,是文化的主要表现形式。

它是随着民族的发展而发展的,是社会民族文化的一个组成部分。不同民族有着不同的文化、历史、风俗习惯和风土人情等,各民族的文化和社会风俗又都在该民族的语言中表现出来。

语言离不开文化,文化依靠语言,英语教学是语言教学,当然离不开文化教育。随着我国对外交往与民族接触的日益迫切的需要,英语教学要重视交际能力的培养和随之而来的要求对所属文化有所了解的呼声越来越高。

在英语教学中,教师应努力培养学生的文化习得意识,使文化规范的教学与语言技能的培养同步进行。关键词 语言 文化 文化差异 文化意识在美国有这样一个尽人皆知的句子:"When you're down, you are not necessarily out."但是许多English learners却对其含义不甚了了。

原因是不了解这句话的文化背景。这原是一句拳击术语,在拳击比赛中拳击手若被对方击倒,裁判数到10还不能起来则被判输。

但在很多情况下不等裁判数到10,倒地的拳击手便能爬起来再战。因此,这句话的表层意思是:当你被人击倒,并不意味着输了这场比赛。

其寓意为:当你遇到挫折,并不一定丧失了成功的机会。由此我们可以得到启示:在英语教学中要注重语言和文化的关系,应提高对中西文化差异的敏感性和适应性,应树立文化意识并注重文化知识的传授。

一、语言和文化语言和文化是密不可分的。语言不仅仅是一套符号系统,人们的言语表现形式更要受语言赖以存在的社会/社团(community)的习俗,生活方式,行为方式,价值观念,思维方式,宗教信仰,民族心理和性格等的制约和影响。

长期以来,在英语教学中语言和文化的这种关系一直未得到足够的重视。在教学实践中,似乎认为只要进行听,说,读,写的训练,掌握了语音,词汇和语法规则就能理解英语和用英语进行交际。

而实际上由于不了解语言的文化背景,不了解中西文化的差异,在英语学习和用英语进行交际中屡屡出现歧义误解频繁,语用失误迭出的现象。如:用How much money can you earn a month?来表示对外国人的关心,殊不知这是一句冒犯的问话,侵犯了别人隐私(privacy),会激起对方的反感。

中国人以谦逊为美德,如当外国人称赞中国人某一方面的特长时,中国人通常会用You are overpraising me ("过奖")来应酬,这往往会让说话者感到你在怀疑他的判断力;抑或是用"Where? Where?"来回答,弄得外国人莫名其妙,不知所云。美国社会学家G.R.Tucker 和W.E.Lambet对于外语教学中只教语言不教文化有这样的看法:"我们相信,任何这类企图都会使学生失去兴趣,使他们不仅不想学习语言符号本身,而且也不想了解使用这一符号系统的民族。

相反,帮助学生在学习语言时提高对文化的敏感性,就可以利用他们发自内心的想了解其他民族的兴趣和动力。

从而提供了学习该民族的语言的基础"。二、中西文化的偶合现象与文化差异 不同民族的文化有可能存在某些相同或相似的地方,这被称为文化的偶合现象。

这主要是由于不同的民族在与大自然作斗争的过程中会有相同或相似的生活体验和经历。这种相似性必然会反映到语言中来。

因而在英语和汉语中,我们不难发现许多相同或相似的表达。例如:"披着羊皮的狼",英语为wolf in sheep's clothing;"同舟共济" ,英语为in the same boat;"破土动工",英语为break earth;"三思而后行",英语为 think twice before you act;"蓝图",英语为blue print,等等,这样的偶合现象不胜枚举。

文化的这种偶合现象,可以促进English learners在目的语(target language)学习中的"正迁移"(positive transfer)。 但是,不同的民族所处的地理环境和历史环境不同,因而对不同的事物和经历有着不同的编码(code),分类;不同的民族因不同的宗教信仰,也导致了他们独特的笃信,崇尚和忌讳心态;不同的民族因其发展的特殊历史过程也产生了本民族自己的历史典故,传说轶事。

如:汉语中的"龙","生死轮回","八卦","阴阳","气功"等,对不了解中国文化的外国人来说必然是云里雾里,不知何物。同样,当我们看到英语中He is a wolf这个句子时,还以为是"这个人很凶",实为"他是个好色之徒"。

中西两种文化的差异还可以从动物的"文化附加义"的差异窥见一斑。 对于狮子的勇猛(brave),绵羊的温顺(gentle),狐狸的狡猾(sly),乌龟的迟缓(slow),猪的贪婪(greedy),英语和汉语的文化附加义基本相同。

但在老鼠,骡子和猫头鹰的习性上,英语和汉语的文化附加义则大相径庭。在汉语中有"贼眉鼠目","鼠目寸光"等成语,用以形容鬼鬼祟祟和目光短浅。

而老鼠在英语俚语中可指女人,怕羞的人。更由于迪斯尼先生创造了Mickey Mouse这个尤物,从而使得老鼠的形象大放异彩,成为千家万户所喜爱的动物,尤其在儿童心目中,更是机智,智慧的象征。

至于骡子,在汉语中,"寿命长,体力大"是它的特征。而英语中骡子是"顽固(stubborn)"的代名词。

汉语中人们用猫头鹰象征不祥之兆,如"猫头鹰进宅,无事不来"。

3.英语的文化常识

Alabama(阿拉巴马):来源于巧克陶印第安语,意思是 "thicket-clearers" 或者 "vegetation-gatherers","拓荒者"或者"打草人"。

Alaska(阿拉斯加): 来源于阿留申语,意思是"great land"或"that which the seas breaks against","伟大的土地"或"分割海的地方"。 Arizona(亚利桑那):来源于印第安语"Arimnac",意思是"hule spring","小泉水"。

Arkansas(阿肯色):来源于印第安语,意思是"a breeze near the ground","靠近地面的微风"。 Caifornia(加利福尼亚):来源于法语"Califerne",是一部11世纪法国史诗中所想象的地方。

Colorado(科罗拉多):来源于西班牙语,意思是"ruddy"或"red","红色的"。 Conneticut(康涅狄格):来源于印第安语,意思是"beside the long tidal river", "在长长的潮河旁"。

Delaware(德拉华): 纪念托马斯·魏斯特爵士"Sir Thomas West, Lord De La Warr",德拉华河和德拉华湾也以此命名。 Frorida(佛罗里达):来源于西班牙语,意思是"feast flowers(Easter)","花的节日",即复活节。

GEORGIA(乔治亚): 纪念英国的乔治二世皇帝。In honor of George II of England. HAWAII(夏威夷):来源不确定。

这个群岛可能是以其发现者夏威夷·罗亚(Hawaii Loa) 命名,也可能以传统的波利尼西亚人的家乡Hawaii or Hawaiki命名。 IDAHO(爱达荷):来源于印第安语,意思是:"gem of the mountains", "山中的宝石";另一种说法的意思是"Good morning""早上好"。

ILLINOIS(伊利诺):来源于印第安语加上法语后缀,意思是"tribe of superior men", "贵人的土地"。 INDIANA(印第安纳):来源于印第安语,意思是:"land of Indians","印第安人的土地"。

IOWA(依阿华):来源于印第安语,意思是"the beatiful land","这块美丽的地方",另一种说法是"the sleepy ones","爱睡觉的人们"。 KANSAS(堪萨斯):来源于苏族印第安语,意思是"people of the south wind", "南风的人们"。

KENTUCKY(肯塔基):来源于易洛魁印第安语"Ken-tah-ten",意思是"land of tomorrow" or "the dark or bolldy ground","希望的土地",或"黑色的沃土"。 LOUISIANA(路易斯安那):纪念法国路易十四世皇帝,"In honor of Louis XIV fo France". MAINE(缅因):纪念英国查理一世皇后海丽塔·玛丽亚,"Henrietta Maria, Queen fo Charles I of England"据说她拥有过法国的缅因省,"The province of Mayne in France" MARYLAND (马里兰):纪念英国查理一世皇后海丽塔·玛丽"In honor of Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I of England". MASSACHUSETTS(麻萨诸塞):来源于印第安语,意思是"great mountain place","伟大的山地"。

MICHIGAN(密执安):来源于印第安语,意思是"great lake"or"big water","大湖"。 MINNESOTA(明尼苏达):来源于达科他印第安语,意思是"sky-tinted water","天色的水域"。

MISSISSIPPI(密西西比):来源于印第安语,意思是"father of waters","水之父"。 MISSOURI(密苏里):来源于印第安语, 意思是"town of the Large canoes","大独木舟之乡"。

MONTANA(蒙大拿):由J.M.阿西从拉丁词典中选的词,是拉丁化的西班牙语,意思不详。 NEBRASKA(内布拉斯加):来源于澳托印第安语,意思是"flat water","平川之水"。

NEVADA(内华达):来源于西班牙语,意思是"snow-capped","雪山"。 NEW HAMPSHIRE(新罕布什尔):来源于英国的罕布什尔郡,"Hampshire"。

NEW JERSEY(新泽西):来源于海峡的泽西岛,"the Channel Isle of Jersey"。 NEW MEXICO(新墨西哥):来源于墨西哥,"the country of Mexico"。

NEW YORK(纽约):纪念英国的约克公爵,"In honor of the English Duke of York"。 NORTH CAROLINA(北卡罗来纳):纪念英国的查理一世,"In honor of Charles I of England". SOUTH CAROLINA(南卡罗来纳):纪念英国的查理一世皇帝,"In honor of Charles I of England"。

NORTH DAKOTA(北达科他):来源于达科他印第安语,意思是"allies"or"leagued","同盟"或"联盟"。 OHIO(俄亥俄):来源于印第安语,意思是"great river","大河"。

OKLAHOMA(俄克拉荷马):来源于巧克陶印第安语,意思是"red people","红种人"。 OREGON(俄勒冈):来源不明。

人们一般认为这个名字第一次在1778年由乔那森·卡佛(Jonathan Carver)使用,取自于英国军官罗伯特·罗杰斯(Robert Rogers)之书。 PENNSYLVANIA(宾夕法尼亚):纪念维廉·宾爵士"Sir William Penn”,意思是"penn's Woodland", "宾的树林"。

RHODE ISLAND(罗德岛):来源于希腊的罗德岛,"the Greek Island of Rhodes"。 SOUTH DAKOTA(南达科他):同北达科他。

TENNESSEE(田纳西)来源于柴罗基印第安语,意思是:"the vines of the big bend", "大弯的蔓藤"。 TEXAS(。

4.英语文化小知识

or it to be made up entirely from within the continent, the Americans among others had argued that Africa does not have enough trained soldiers to make up a credible and effective force. Here's David Bamford. Mr. Konare's comments, following talks with President Omar al-Bashir in Sudan, are likely to raise eyebrows on the UN Security Council, which has been battling with the Sudanese leader for months on a compromise resolution that would specifically allow non-African peacekeepers to join the revamped Darfur force. There is already an African Union force in Darfur, but it's poorly trained, ill-equipped and only 7,000 in number. The UN is talking about something much more robust, able to stand up to the Janjaweed and rebel militias in Darfur. A foreign man who had been kidnapped in the oil producing region of southern Nigeria has died shortly after being set free. Officials said the man was released by the hostage takers near the town of Yenagoa. Election observers in Sierra Leone have said Saturday's presidential and parliamentary elections were free, fair and credible. They said the ballot went smoothly and the presence of police had given confidence to voters. The European Union's Chief Election Observer Marie-Anne Isler Beguin said she was satisfied with how the election was conducted. "Of course we have a good view now, a good picture of what happened yesterday and we at this moment can be satisfied of the global participation and the global organization." It was Sierra Leone's first election since the departure of the United Nations' peacekeepers who had steered its recovery from years of civil war. The Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki has called on leaders of the main parliamentary factions to hold talks within the next two days to try to resolve a political crisis. Two factions have recently withdrawn from the national unity cabinet saying it had failed to end sectarianism. The cabinet is now narrowly based on Shiite Muslim religious parties and Kurdish groups and it has almost no Sunni Arab members. United Nations Children's Fund is making an urgent appeal for women in Iraq to breastfeed their children rather than use infant formula milk. Infant formula needs to be mixed with water and UNICEF says diarrhea caused by water contamination is one of the biggest killers of Iraqi children. A senior Afghan official says he now expects two South Koreans being held by Taliban militants will be released within the next 24 hours. A Taliban spokesman said on Saturday the two Korean women who are said to be unwell had already been released, but this was not confirmed. The authorities in Guatemala say they've rescued 46 more children and babies they think may have been taken from their parents for illegal adoption by foreigners. Police say the infants were found at a house in the city of Antigua after neighbors reported seeing foreigners collecting children there every day. Daniel Schweimler reports. The authority is now investigating whether the children were stolen or their parents were coerced into giving them up. The attorney general's office said that few of the children had the necessary paperwork and the house did not have permission to operate as an adoption center. Last year couples in the United States adopted more than 4,000 infants from Guatemala where it can take half the time and cost considerably less than it does elsewhere. International diplomats leading the latest talks on the future of Kosovo say the partition of the province which is still technically part of Serbia might be possible if both Serbs and Albanians agree. The comments appeared to mark a change in policy. Until now, the international community had insisted that the province stay as one. Nick Thorpe reports. The United States, Russia and the European Union have the unenviable task of trying to broker a deal for Kosovo acceptable to all sides after all other efforts have failed. Wolfgang Ischinger, the EU envoy, told reporters that all options were open to resolve the deadlock, which has reined since the aerial bombing campaign by NATO forced the Serb police and army out of the province eight years ago. A court in China has given a one-year prison sentence and a fine about 130 dollars to a television journalist Zi Beijia who made up a recent report about street vendors in Beijing selling meat buns stuffed with chemicals and cardboard. Mr. Zi's report received wide circulation abroad, embarrassing the government at a time when China is facing 。

5.英国文化知识

Let's Learn About England一IntroductionThe British Isles have a rich history going back thousands of years.The history of the United Kingdom includes also the history of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The history is full of invaders, wars, rulers. 二The Kings and Queens Until 1603 the English and Scottish Crowns were separated.Following the Accession of King James VI of Scotland (I of England) to the English Throne. From the end of the 17th century, monarchs lost executive power and they became subject to Parliament, resulting in today's constitutional Monarchy.三The best known Queen: Elizabeth gave the name to a golden age of poets, statesmen and adventurers. Known as the Virgin Queen, or Gloriana.四The best known King:Claims to the throne of France led to the Hundred Years' War and the loss of almost all the large English territory in France. Eduard III五The Historical Flag When King James VI of Scotland ascended to the English throne, thereby becoming James I of England, the national flags of England and Scotland on land continued to be.Flagś crossesThe Union Jack/Flag includes the Cross of St. George (England), the Cross of St. Andrew (Scotland) and the Cross of St. Patrick (Ireland). 六The Most Important WarsThe Hundred Years War 1336-1565 Wars of the Roses 1455-1487Civil War 1642-1645 Boer War 1901-1902World War I 1914-1918 World War II 1939-1945 七Walesa Celtic land of mountains and coalNorthern IrelandIt is clear today that the Irish problem has not been solved. Northern Protestants feel they have a right to determine their own future democratically. Northern Catholics feel they have the right to be part of a united Ireland. 八ScotlandAn English army arrived to relieve the Scots siege of Stirling. Bruce defeated the English army under Edward II, who was lucky to escape with his life. The Scots victory at the Battle of Bannockburn secured complete Scots independence.九EnglandEngland has always played an important role in the worldś economy and business.十Historical Monumentthe name of a very remarkable ancient monument in England It consists of a great collection of stones 十一A Few Facts About EnglandEngland is part of the United Kingdom which is made up of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.England is part of the European Union.The capital of England is London.The money used is called the pound.The population of England is 60,776,238.The language spoken is English.十二Let's visit some important cities in England.Oxford University and the University of Cambridge are both famous around the world.十三England's Important People Famous authors - Beatrix Potter, Roald Dahl and J.K. RowlingWilliam Shakespeare - famous for writing playsQueen Elizabeth and the royal familyThe Beatles -famous singing group who became popular in the 1960sDido – English Singer十四What English Kids DoEnglish kids like to play football, cricket, tennis and netball.Many kids belong to clubs like scouts, judo, karate and church clubs.Kids also like to skateboard, watch TV, ride bicycles and play computer games. Kids in the cities spend time in the many museums.F十五amous Sights in EnglandBig Ben ClockWestminster AbbeyTower of LondonLondon EyeTrafalgar SquareBuckingham Palace 十六Visit the Sights in the Harry Potter Books!!Go to this website for information on places that are important to find - /Funtodo/England/visitharrypottersites.htmKing's Cross StationLondon ZooAlnwick CastleGloucester CathedralLacock Abbey十七What the English Like to EatFish and chipsTea and biscuits。

6.关于英国或英语的文化常识

英语姓名的一般结构为:教名+自取名+姓。

如 William Jafferson Clinton。 但在很多场合中间名往往略去不写,如 George Bush,而且许多人更喜欢用昵称 取代正式教名,如 Bill Clinton。

上述教名和中间名又称个人名。现将英语民族 的个人名、昵称和姓氏介绍如下: I. 个人名 按照英语民族的习俗,一般在婴儿接受洗礼的时候,由牧师或父母亲朋为其 取名,称为教名。

以后本人可以在取用第二个名字,排在教名之后。 英语个人名的来源大致有以下几种情况: 1. 采用圣经、希腊罗马神话、古代名人或文学名著中的人名作为教名。

2. 采用祖先的籍贯,山川河流,鸟兽鱼虫,花卉树木等的名称作为教名。 3. 教名的不同异体。

4. 采用(小名)昵称。 5. 用构词技术制造新的教名,如倒序,合并。

6. 将母亲的娘家姓氏作为中间名。 英语民族常用的男子名有:James, John, David, Daniel, Michael, 常见的 女子名为:Jane, Mary, Elizabeth, Ann, Sarah, Catherine. II. 昵称 昵称包括爱称、略称和小名,是英语民族亲朋好友间常来表示亲切的称呼, 是在教名的基础上派生出来的。

通常有如下情况: 1. 保留首音节。如 Donald => Don, Timothy => Tim. 如果本名以元音开头, 则可派生出以'N'打头的昵称,如:Edward => Ned. 2. +ie 或 -y 如:Don => Donnie, Tim => Timmy. 3. 采用尾音节,如:Anthony => Tony, Beuben => Ben. 4. 由一个教名派生出两个昵称,如:Andrew => Andy & Drew. 5. 不规则派生法,如:William 的一个昵称是 Bill. III. 姓氏 英国人在很长的一段时间里只有名而没有姓。

直到16世纪姓氏的使用才广泛 流行开来。英语姓氏的词源主要有: 1. 直接借用教名,如 Clinton. 2. 在教名上加上表示血统关系的词缀,如后缀-s, -son, -ing;前缀 M'-, Mc-, Mac-, Fitz- 等均表示某某之子或后代。

3. 在教名前附加表示身份的词缀,如 St.-, De-, Du=, La-, Le-. 4. 放映地名,地貌或环境特征的,如 Brook, Hill等。 5. 放映身份或职业的,如:Carter, Smith. 6. 放映个人特征的,如:Black, Longfellow. 7. 借用动植物名的,如 Bird, Rice. 8. 由双姓合并而来,如 Burne-Jones. 英语姓氏虽然出现较教名晚,但数量要多得多。

常用的有:Smith, Miller, Johnson, Brown, Jones, Williams. IV. 几点说明 1. 较早产生的源于圣经,希腊罗马神话的教名通常不借用为姓氏。 2. 英国人习惯上将教名和中间名全部缩写,如 M. H. Thatcher;美国人则习惯 于只缩写中间名,如 Ronald W. Reagan。

3. 在姓名之前有时还要有人际称谓,如职务军衔之类。Dr., Prof., Pres. 可以 用于姓氏前或姓名前;而Sir 仅用于教名或姓名前。

7.英语基本知识有哪些

单词 和 语法 一、英语语句基本结构分析: 主谓宾结构: 主语:可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy),主格代词(如you),动词不定式,动名词等。

主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家! 谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。

不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构,如:We come. 宾语:宾语位于及物动词之后,一般同主语构成一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’,如:me,him,them等 例:The boy needs a pen.主语the boy,谓语needs(need的第三人称单数形式),宾语a pen. 主系表结构: 主语:同‘主谓宾’结构。 联系动词(Link verb):be动词(am,is,are,was,were,have been);其他联系动词如:become成为,turn变成,go变。

其特点是联系动词与其后的表语没有动宾关系,表语多为形容词或副词,既,不可能是宾语。 表语:说明主语的状态、性质、等。

可为形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、分词。当联系动词不是be,而其后是名词和代词时,多表达‘转变为’之意,注意与动宾关系的区别。

感官动词多可用作联系动词:look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好,smell bad/难闻 例:Tom is a boy.(Tom是个男孩)/主语为Tom,系词为be动词的第三人称单数is,表语为a boy There be 结构: There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义,不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。

此结构后跟名词,表示‘(存在)有某事物’ 试比较:There is a boy there.(那儿有一个男孩。)/前一个there无实意,后一个there为副词‘那里’。

二、定语:定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用‘……的’表示。 定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。

若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时,(如:something、nothing);或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时,则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。

形容词作定语: The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy;blue修饰名词pen.)/小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。 Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。

There is a good boy./有个乖男孩。 数词作定语相当于形容词: Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。

The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生。 There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。

代词或名词所有格作定语: His boy needs Tom's pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。 His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。

There are two boys of Toms there./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。 介词短语作定语: The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。

The boy in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。 There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的,三个10岁的男孩。

名词作定语: The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。 It is a ball pen./这是一支圆珠笔。

There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。 副词作定语: The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。

The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。 不定式作定语: The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。

The boy to write this letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。 There is nothing to do today./今天无事要做。

分词(短语)作定语: The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。 The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。

There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。 定语从句: The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。

The boy you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。 There are five boys who will play the game./参加游戏的男孩有五个。

采纳哦。

8.英语文化背景知识

最后一句After all, if they don't , they won't be British, will they?的意思是:最后,如果他们不是这样做(做指的是“英国人中的四分之三左右的人都是子承父业,他们在学校里努力学习,最后找各种类型的工作,在二十刚出头就结婚生子,他们与父母亲相处融洽,非常喜欢家庭生活。”

),他们就不是英国人了,对不对?当然包含英国人的文化背景。英国人是一个比较保守的民族,他们非常讲究礼节,他们按照英国人的传统生活方式生活,例如前面提到的:英国人中的四分之三左右的人都是子承父业,他们在学校里努力学习,最后找各种类型的工作,在二十刚出头就结婚生子,他们与父母亲相处融洽,非常喜欢家庭生活。

与其他的国家有所不同,例如美国人比较开放,喜欢我行我素。

英语文化常识

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